What Is An Endnote Citation

An endnote is a reference, explanation, or comment placed at the end of an article, research paper, chapter, or book. Like footnotes, endnotes serve two main purposes in a research paper: 1) They acknowledge the source of a quotation, paraphrase, or summary; and 2) They provide explanatory comments that would interrupt the flow of the main text.

Endnotes vs. Footnotes

• 'Your department may specify whether you should use footnotes or endnotes, especially for a thesis or dissertation. If not, you should generally choose footnotes, which are easier to read. Endnotes force readers to flip to the back to check every citation.
  'On the other hand, choose endnotes when your footnotes are so long or numerous that they take up too much space on the page, making your report unattractive and difficult to read. Also, endnotes better accommodate tables, quoted poetry, and other matter that requires special typography.'
  (Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed. University of Chicago Press, 2007)

• 'Readers of academic and scholarly books usually prefer footnotes to endnotes because the former allow them to skim the notes without losing their place in the text. Popular wisdom, however, says that nonscholarly readers are either reluctant or unwilling to purchase a nonfiction trade book whose feet are hemmed with ribbons of tiny type; thus most trade books place (the shop term is 'bury') the notes containing sources and references at the back of the book.'
  (Amy Einsohn, The Copyeditor's Handbook. University of California Press, 2006)

Endnote Conventions

• [A]n author or title mentioned in the text need not be repeated in the footnote citation, though it is often helpful to do so. In an endnote, however, the author (or at least the author's last name) and title should be repeated, since at least some readers may have forgotten whether the note number was 93 or 94 by the time they find it at the back of a work. Such frustration can be prevented by the devices illustrated in the examples below.

  34. This and the preceding four quotations are all from Hamlet, act 1, sc. 4.

  87. Barbara Wallraff, Word Court (New York: Harcourt, 2000), 34. Further citations to this work are given in the text.​

  (​The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press, 2003)

Endnote Numbering

• 'Endnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a chapter or article, with each new chapter or section starting over with endnote 1. The notes section at the back is then broken down by chapter or section, with the corresponding endnote numbers listed underneath.
  'Place endnote numbers within the text in superscript type (small typeset above the line). In the notes section, use the same number to identify the endnote with the number in the text.'
  (Lara M. Robbins, Grammar, and Style at Your Fingertips. Alpha, 2007)

Sample Endnotes From Pennebaker's The Secret Life of Pronouns

• Chapter 2: Ignoring the Content, Celebrating the Style
  19. The drawing is from the Thematic Apperception Test by Henry A. Murray, Card 12F, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
  20. Throughout this book, I include quotations from people who have been in my studies or classes, from text on the Internet, or even from conversations or e-mails from friends or family members. In all cases, all identifying information has been removed or altered.
  22. In this book, the terms style, function, and stealth words are used interchangeably. They have many other names as well—junk words, particles, and closed-class words. Linguists tend to disagree about the precise definitions of each of these overlapping terms.
  (James W. Pennebaker, The Secret Life of Pronouns: What Our Words Say About Us. Bloomsbury Press, 2011)

EndNote is a commercial reference management software package, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It is produced by Clarivate Analytics (previously by Thomson Reuters).

Features[edit]

EndNote groups citations into 'libraries' with the file extension *.enl and a corresponding *.data folder.

There are several ways to add a reference to a library: manually, or by exporting, importing, copying from another EndNote library, or connecting from EndNote. The program presents the user with a window containing a dropdown menu from which to select the type of reference they require (e.g., book, congressional legislation, film, newspaper article, etc.), and fields ranging from the general (author, title, year) to those specific to the kind of reference (abstract, author, ISBN, running time, etc.)

Most bibliographic databases allow users to export references to their EndNote libraries. This enables the user to select multiple citations and saves the user from having to manually enter the citation information and the abstracts. Some databases (e.g., PubMed) requires the user to select citations, select a specific format, and save them as .txt files. The user can then import the citations into the EndNote software. It is also possible to search library catalogs and free databases, such as PubMed, from within the EndNote software program itself.

If the user fills out the necessary fields, EndNote can automatically format the citation into any of over 2,000 different styles the user chooses. For example, listed below are some citations from Gray's Anatomy using several different styles:

In Windows, EndNote creates a file with an *.enl extension, along with a *.data folder containing various MySQL files with *.myi and *.myd extensions. EndNote can be installed so that its features, like Cite While You Write, appear in the Tools menu of Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org Writer.

EndNote can export citation libraries as HTML, plain text, Rich Text Format, or XML.From version X.7.2, one library can be shared with up to 14 other EndNote users. The data is synchronized via the EndNote cloud service, with everybody having full write access to the library.^[3]

EndNote can also organize PDFs on the user's hard drive (or full text on the web) through links to files or by inserting copies of PDFs. It is also possible to save a single image, document, Excel spreadsheet, or other file type to each reference in an EndNote library. Starting from EndNote X version 1.0.1, formatting support for OpenDocument files (ODT) using the Format Paper command is supported.

Legal dispute with Zotero[edit]

In September 2008, Thomson Reuters, the owners of EndNote, sued the Commonwealth of Virginia for US$10 million and requested an injunction against competing reference management software.^[4][5]George Mason University's Center for History and New Media had developed Zotero, a free/open-source extension to Mozilla Firefox. Thomson Reuters alleges that the Zotero developers reverse engineered and/or decompiled EndNote, that Zotero can transform proprietary EndNote citation style files (.ens) to the open Citation Style Language format, that they host files converted in this manner, and that they abuse the 'EndNote' trademark in describing this feature. Thomson Reuters claims that this is violation of the site license agreement. They also added a restrictive click-thru license to their styles download web site.^[5] George Mason University responded that it would not renew its site license for EndNote, that 'anything created by users of Zotero belongs to those users, and that it should be as easy as possible for Zotero users to move to and from the software as they wish, without friction.'^[6] The journal Nature editorialized that 'the virtues of interoperability and easyCite While You Write' feature in EndNote X2 was originally not compatible with 64-bit versions of Windows, but a patch can fix this issue.^[24] Last update: Version 12.0.4 (build 4459).

See also[edit]

Data schemes

• BibTeX – a text-based data format used by LaTeX
• refer – a similar, but not identical, data scheme supported on UNIX-like systems
• RIS – a text-based data scheme from Research Information Systems

Software

References[edit]

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4. ^'Reuters Says George Mason University Is Handing Out Its Proprietary Software'. Courthouse News Service. 2008-09-17. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13.
5. ^ ^abYoung, Jeffrey R. (2008-09-29). 'Wired Campus: Maker of EndNote Citation Software Sues George Mason U. - Chronicle.com'. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
6. ^Owens, Trevor (2008-10-29). 'Official Statement'. Zotero: The Next-Generation Research Tool. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
7. ^Anon (2008). 'Beta blockers? Proprietary data formats may be legally defensible but open standards can be a better spur for innovation'. Nature. 455 (7214): 708. doi:10.1038/455708a. PMID18843308.
8. ^Takats, Sean (2009-06-04). 'Thomson Reuters Lawsuit Dismissed'. The Quintessence of Ham. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
9. ^Williamson, Iain (2007), 'EndNote', Software for Small Business, 2008 Edition: Windows and Vista Programs to Help You Improve Efficiency and Productivity, Productive Publications, pp. 77–78, 380, ISBN9781552703250, retrieved 2012-05-14, EndNote Web is a companion product which is a Web-based reference organizer incorporated into the ISI Web of Knowledge [...].
10. ^ ^abcEndnote X6 help(PDF). 2012. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
11. ^For example:'EndNote'. PC Mag. 10 (16). Ziff Davis, Inc. 1991-09-24. ISSN0888-8507. Retrieved 2015-03-03. 'EndNote (Niles & Associates) [...] stores up to 32,000 references and creates bibliographies in any style you choose.
12. ^Heck, André; Murtagh, Fionn, eds. (1993). Intelligent Information Retrieval: The Case of Astronomy and Related Space Sciences. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 182. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 57. ISBN9780792322955. Retrieved 2015-03-04. EndNote from Niles and Associates is a commercial personal DBMS tool explicitly customized for storing and retrieving scientific bibliographical records. [...] EndNote incorporates knowledge about bibliographic subtleties such as abbreviation and positioning of author initials, data dictionaries for journal names, different styles and abbreviation levels required for different journals, etc.
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32. ^[3]Thomson ResearchSoft Ships EndNote 9 for Mac at the Wayback Machine (archived January 6, 2012)
33. ^[4]Thomson ResearchSoft Releases EndNote 9 for Windows at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
34. ^'Thomson ResearchSoft Ships EndNote 8 for Mac OS X'. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
35. ^[5]Archived January 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
36. ^'Thomson ISI ResearchSoft Ships EndNote 7 For Macintosh OS X'. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
37. ^ ^abc[6]Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
38. ^http://www.endnote.com/pr-en7win.asp
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44. ^EndNote email to previous users, March 10, 1998.
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46. ^In email to EndNote users on May 8, 1995, EndNote announced the 'beta test version of EndNote Plus 2.1.'